Learn how to differentiate subject and object
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| INTRODUCTION |
| Brandon: Hello, I'm Brandon and welcome back to HindiPod101.com. This is Upper Beginner, Season 1, Lesson 10: Getting Away From It All at an Indian Mountain Lodge. |
| Ayesha: Namaste, I'm Ayesha. |
| Brandon: In this lesson, you’ll learn about the differences between subjects and objects in Hindi sentences. This conversation takes place at the entrance of a travel lodge. |
| Ayesha: The speakers are a customer and the receptionist at the lodge. |
| Brandon: Since they’re strangers and have a service relationship, they’ll be using polite Hindi. |
| Ayesha: Let’s listen to the conversation. |
Lesson conversation |
|---|
| Sonali: नमस्ते, हम ने फ़ोन पे यहँा लौज में कमरा बुक किया था तीन लोगोँ का| |
| Receptionist: किसके नाम पे बुकिंग है? |
| Sonali: सोनाली गुप्ता। चार दिनों की बुकिंग है। |
| Receptionist: जी, अाप हैं सोनाली गुप्ता? अपनी अाइ डी दिखाएंगे? |
| Sonali: यह रही। |
| Receptionist: शुक्रिया। तो डालनवाला पहाड़ी लौज में अापका स्वागत है। मैं अापको अापका कमरा दिखाता हूँ। क्या आपके साथ और भी सामान है? |
| Sonali: हाँ अभी गाड़ी बाहर है, उस में दो बड़े बैग है। |
| Receptionist: अच्छा तो यह अापके बैग अभी अापके कमरे तक पँहुचा देंगे। मैं अापको अापके कमरे तक ले जाता हुँ। |
| English Host: Let’s hear the conversation one time slowly. |
| Sonali: नमस्ते, हम ने फ़ोन पे यहँा लौज में कमरा बुक किया था तीन लोगोँ का| |
| Receptionist: किसके नाम पे बुकिंग है? |
| Sonali: सोनाली गुप्ता। चार दिनों की बुकिंग है। |
| Receptionist: जी, अाप हैं सोनाली गुप्ता? अपनी अाइ डी दिखाएंगे? |
| Sonali: यह रही। |
| Receptionist: शुक्रिया। तो डालनवाला पहाड़ी लौज में अापका स्वागत है। मैं अापको अापका कमरा दिखाता हूँ। क्या आपके साथ और भी सामान है? |
| Sonali: हाँ अभी गाड़ी बाहर है, उस में दो बड़े बैग है। |
| Receptionist: अच्छा तो यह अापके बैग अभी अापके कमरे तक पँहुचा देंगे। मैं अापको अापके कमरे तक ले जाता हुँ। |
| English Host: Now let’s hear it with the English translation. |
| Sonali: नमस्ते, हम ने फ़ोन पे यहँा लौज में कमरा बुक किया था तीन लोगोँ का| |
| Brandon: Hello, we booked a room for three people here in this lodge by phone. |
| Receptionist: किसके नाम पे बुकिंग है? |
| Brandon: What name is it booked under? |
| Sonali: सोनाली गुप्ता। चार दिनों की बुकिंग है। |
| Brandon: Sonali Gupta. It's for four days. |
| Receptionist: जी, अाप हैं सोनाली गुप्ता? अपनी अाइ डी दिखाएंगे? |
| Brandon: Okay, are you Sonali Gupta? Could you please show me your ID? |
| Sonali: यह रही। |
| Brandon: Here it is. |
| Receptionist: शुक्रिया। तो डालनवाला पहाड़ी लौज में अापका स्वागत है। मैं अापको अापका कमरा दिखाता हूँ। क्या आपके साथ और भी सामान है? |
| Brandon: Thank you. Welcome to Dalanvala Mountain Lodge. Let me show you to your room. Do you have any other luggage with you? |
| Sonali: हाँ अभी गाड़ी बाहर है, उस में दो बड़े बैग है। |
| Brandon: Yes, the car is outside; we have two big bags in that. |
| Receptionist: अच्छा तो यह अापके बैग अभी अापके कमरे तक पँहुचा देंगे। मैं अापको अापके कमरे तक ले जाता हुँ। |
| Brandon: Okay, then they'll bring your bags to your room shortly. You can follow me to your room. |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Brandon: Ayesha, I’ve heard that travel lodges are a distinct feature of travel in the hilly regions and mountains in India. |
| Ayesha: Absolutely. In the northeast near the Himalayas or around the mountains in the country, a “mountain lodge” is the common choice for overnight stays. |
| Brandon: Lodges aren’t luxurious like proper hotels, but offer a very peaceful atmosphere and home-like comfort. The people who run the lodges are friendly and knowledgeable. They offer home-style meals, and will just as quickly help you set up an evening bonfire on chilly nights. |
| Ayesha: The lodges are like mountain cottages that come in different sizes, and are great places to stay when you’re traveling in the Himalayas in the northeast, in the Nilgiris in the south, or other mountainous areas. |
| Brandon: I hope our listeners get a chance to stay at a mountain lodge soon! Okay, now on to the vocab. |
| VOCAB LIST |
| Brandon: Let's take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. The first word is… |
| Ayesha: कमरा [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: room |
| Ayesha: कमरा [slowly - broken down by syllable] कमरा [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next we have... |
| Ayesha: दिखाना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to show |
| Ayesha: दिखाना [slowly - broken down by syllable] दिखाना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: The next one is… |
| Ayesha: पहाड़ी [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: mountainous |
| Ayesha: पहाड़ी [slowly - broken down by syllable] पहाड़ी [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next… |
| Ayesha: स्वागत [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: welcome, greetings |
| Ayesha: स्वागत [slowly - broken down by syllable] स्वागत [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next we have… |
| Ayesha: सामान [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: luggage |
| Ayesha: सामान [slowly - broken down by syllable] सामान [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: The next word is… |
| Ayesha: अौर [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: other, more |
| Ayesha: अौर [slowly - broken down by syllable] अौर [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: Next… |
| Ayesha: साथ [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: company, with |
| Ayesha: साथ [slowly - broken down by syllable] साथ [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: And our last word is… |
| Ayesha: पँहुचाना [natural native speed] |
| Brandon: to take to, to deliver to, to drop off at |
| Ayesha: पँहुचाना [slowly - broken down by syllable] पँहुचाना [natural native speed] |
| KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
| Brandon: Let’s take a closer look at the usage of some of the words and phrases from this lesson. |
| Ayesha: First we have pahaadii. |
| Brandon: This is an adjective that means “mountainous.” |
| Ayesha: It comes from the noun pahaad, which means “mountain.” However, it doesn’t only refer to geography. |
| Brandon: Yes, the adjective is used to describe the culture, music, lifestyle, and art of mountain-based communities, as well as mountain flora and fauna. |
| Ayesha: Right, so pahaadii gaaNe means “songs from the mountains,” which are the songs of the mountain tribes or the communities that live in the mountains. |
| Brandon: Okay, what’s the next word? |
| Ayesha: The next word is aur which is commonly known as the conjunction “and.” However, this also has another meaning as a noun. In its noun form, aur means “else” or “more.” It’s used commonly with the words THodaa and kuch. |
| Brandon: So the word... |
| Ayesha: ...THodaa aur... |
| Brandon: ...means “some more” and is used for objects that can’t be counted. Can you give us an example? |
| Ayesha: For example, you could ask for THodaa aur DuuDH which is “some more milk.” For objects that can be counted, we use a number with aur. So ek aur means “one more,” and paanc aur means “five more.” |
| Brandon: What’s the other word commonly used with this? |
| Ayesha: It’s kuch, and with kuch the meaning changes. kuch aur means “something else.” For example, kuch aur karTe hain means “Let’s do something else.” If kuch aur is followed by an adjective… |
| Brandon: ...it means “something more of that quality.” |
| Ayesha: Yes. For example, kuch aur aaSaaN means… |
| Brandon: ...“something more easy.” |
| Ayesha: And kuch aur mazeDaar means… |
| Brandon: ...“something more fun.” And if a noun is placed after the phrase, then it means “some more of that noun.” |
| Ayesha: So kuch aur DiN means “some more days,” and kuch aur Log means “some more people.” |
| Brandon: Okay, now on to the grammar. |
Lesson focus |
| Brandon: In this lesson, you’ll learn how to differentiate between the subject and the object in Hindi. This is very important in understanding who the actor is, because in Hindi, pronouns can be omitted. Also since people and other things share the same pronouns, it can be hard to tell them apart. |
| Ayesha: Here’s an example: दरवाज़ा बंद कर दिया| (Darvaazaa baND kar Diyaa.) |
| Brandon: It means, “Someone closed the door.” |
| Ayesha: This uses transitive verbs but the subject is not stated. Daravaazaa, or “door,” is the object, but “someone” is not stated in the sentence. |
| Ayesha: Another variation is दरवाज़े को बंद करवाया| (Darvaaze ko baND karvaayaa). |
| Brandon: This uses a causative verb that we learned about earlier. It means, “We or I had the door closed by someone.” |
| Ayesha: In this sentence, the object marker ko points out the object, Daravaazaa, but the subject “we” or “I” isn’t stated. Neither is the actor who closes the door mentioned. |
| Brandon: For transitive verbs, the subject and object markers act as indicators, and this is why pronouns and names are often left out. |
| Ayesha: Ne always follows the object, but sometimes the sentence may use other particles instead of the subject marker ko. |
| Brandon: We can use these to identify what is done to whom. |
| Ayesha: For example, take a look at the sentence, मैंने तुम से कहा (maiNe tum Se kahaa). Here Ne shows that the actor is main or “I.” |
| Brandon: So it means, “I said to you.” |
| Ayesha: That’s right. Here’s a similar sentence: मुझसे तुमने कहा (mujhSe tumNe kahaa). |
| Brandon: The pronouns and verbs are in the same order, but the particles linking them are different, so the meaning is different. |
| Ayesha: This time Ne comes after Tum, which means “you.” |
| Brandon: Right. So the meaning is, “You said to me.” |
| Ayesha: In the conversation, we heard the receptionist say, अच्छा तो यह अापके बैग अभी अापके कमरे तक पँहुचा देंगे। |
| In this sentence, yah can mean “this” or “he or |
| she.” In fact, the pronouns yah and vah can mean |
| “he or she” and also “this or that” or “it.” If we take |
| yah to mean “these,” then the meaning can be, |
| “Okay, then they'll bring your bags to your room |
| shortly.” On the other hand, if yah means “he” or |
| “she,” then the meaning changes to, “Okay, then he or she will bring your bags to your room |
| shortly.” |
| Brandon: Yes, and in our conversation, the latter is correct. |
| Ayesha: That’s right. When the receptionist says yah, he’s referring to the staff. |
| Brandon: Another indicator can be the first, second, and third person sentence endings. |
| Ayesha: Generally, in the first person Hindi uses huun, the second person uses ho, and third person uses hai. |
| Brandon: Listeners, this is good to remember. |
| Ayesha: So if someone asks you kyaa karTe hain—and you don’t know who he gestured towards—from the hain at the end of the question, you should be able to figure out that he doesn’t mean you. |
| Brandon: Right. The question is, “What does he or she do?” But the pronoun is left out. |
| Ayesha: But if he is asking you, he’ll say kyaa karTe ho? Also, if he’s asking about a woman, he’ll say kyaa karTii hain? So you can narrow down your options quite a bit from the gender and number conjugations as well. |
Outro |
| Brandon: Well, that's all for our lesson. Thank you for listening, everyone, and we’ll see you next time! |
| Ayesha: Sukriyaa aur aLviDaa! |
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