Learn about using the postposition ko
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| INTRODUCTION |
| Maya: Namaste, I'm Maya. Welcome back to HindiPod101.com. This is Lower Beginner, Season 1, Lesson 23 - Giving Gifts in India. |
| Udita: Namaste, मैं हूं उदिता। (main Udita hoon). I'm Udita. In this lesson, you'll learn how to use the postposition ko in Hindi. |
| Maya: The conversation takes place at the office |
| Udita It’s between Kate and Arti |
| Maya: They are friends, so they’ll be using informal Hindi. |
| Udita: Let's listen to the conversation. |
| DIALOGUE |
| आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
| केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
| आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
| केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
| Maya: Let’s hear the conversation one time slowly. |
| आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
| केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
| आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
| केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
| Maya: Now let's hear it with the English translation. |
| आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
| arti: I gave a gift to Amit today. |
| केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
| Kate: What did you give him? |
| आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
| Arti: An expensive watch. |
| केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
| Kate: He must be very happy today! |
| POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
| Maya: Udita, tell us more about gift giving in India. |
| Udita: Okay! Well, giving gifts is a very old custom in India. If you are invited to the home of an Indian friend, it would be a good idea to take the host a small gift of sweets, chocolates or fruit. |
| Maya: But keep in mind that alcohol might not make a good gift, as not all Indian people drink. |
| Udita: Since Indians consider the colors black and white inauspicious, the gift wrapping should ideally be a bright color like red, yellow or green. |
| Maya: That’s a good tip! Also, avoid giving gifts made out of leather to Hindus. Similarly, avoid giving gifts made of pigskin to Muslims. |
| Udita: Ah yes, that is good to know too. |
| Maya: And if you’re giving money, keep in mind that people prefer to give 101 as opposed to 100 and 1100 vs 1000, for auspicious reasons. |
| Maya: So keep these things in mind when you’re buying a gift for your Indian friends! Okay, now onto the vocab. |
| VOCAB LIST |
| Maya: Let’s take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. |
| The first word we shall see is... |
| Udita: आज (aaj) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: today |
| Udita: आज (aaj) [slowly - broken down by syllable] आज (aaj) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: उपहार (uphaar) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: gift/present |
| Udita: उपहार (uphaar) [slowly - broken down by syllable] उपहार (uphaar) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: दिया (Diyaa) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: gave |
| Udita: दिया (Diyaa) [slowly - broken down by syllable] दिया (Diyaa) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: महंगी (mahangii) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: expensive |
| Udita: महंगी (mahangii) [slowly - broken down by syllable] महंगी (mahangii) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: घड़ी (ghadii) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: watch |
| Udita: घड़ी (ghadii) [slowly - broken down by syllable] घड़ी (ghadii) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: खुश (khush) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: happy |
| Udita: खुश (khush) [slowly - broken down by syllable] खुश (khush) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: university |
| Udita: विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [slowly - broken down by syllable] विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: Next |
| Udita: पढ़ (padh) [natural native speed] |
| Maya: study |
| Udita: पढ़ (padh) [slowly - broken down by syllable] पढ़ (padh) [natural native speed] |
| KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
| Maya: Let's have a closer look at the usage for some of the words and phrases from this lesson. |
| Udita: First we have उपहार meaning “gift”. Another very common word used is तोहफा. |
| Maya: yes, and speaking of gifts, what’s the next word? |
| Udita: महंगा , which is an adjective that means “expensive”. Adjectives in Hindi always have to agree with the noun they describe. In this case, we are referring to a watch, so mahanga becomes mahangii. |
| Maya: So it becomes महंगी घड़ी |
| Udita: Similarly, if you use महंगा with a masculine noun, it stays the same. For example, “house” in Hindi is a masculine noun. So it becomes महंगा घर. |
| Maya: Another common word used for “expensive” is कीमती . It is one of the non-inflecting adjectives. These adjectives never change when they are used, so they are a lot easier than Inflecting Adjectives. |
| Udita: Another example of a non-inflecting adjective is सुन्दर which means “beautiful”. |
| Maya: Ok. What’s next? |
| Udita: खुश means “happy” and ख़ुशी means “happiness”. The opposite of khush is dukhi. So to say “I am happy”, we’d say मैं खुश हूँ |
| Maya: But to say “I am sad”, we’d say मैं दुखी हूँ |
| Udita To show extreme happiness or distress, we can add the prefix bahut to these adjectives. So, we could say main bahut khush hoon, which means “I am very happy”. |
| Maya: Okay, now let’s move onto the grammar! |
| GRAMMAR POINT |
| Maya: In this lesson, you’ll learn the usage of the postposition ko in Hindi. |
| Udita: The postposition ko is used in different types of sentences and is placed after nouns. |
| Maya: In this lesson, we will focus on the 4 main situations where ko can be used. |
| Udita: It’s optional when used with object nouns that are followed by verbs. |
| Maya: For example, ghar saaf karo, which means “clean the house”. We could optionally say ghar ko saaf karo. |
| Udita: kitaab yahan rakho which means “keep the book here”. We could optionally say kitaab ko yahaan rakho. |
| Maya: Another very simple usage of ko is “to” when giving something to someone, just like we use it in English! |
| Udita The postposition ko is used in the [secondary object + ko + main object + verb] constructions. |
| Maya: For example, mai mohan ko kitaab dunga which means “I will give Mohan a book.” |
| Udita: We said mohan ko to mean “to Mohan”. Similarly mai radha ko gulaab dunga which means “I will give a rose to Radha”. |
| Maya: In situations where the verbs express a state of mind, involuntarily actions, physical experience, feelings and emotions, the structure becomes subject + ko + complement + verb. |
| Udita: For example, Ram ko dard hua which means “Ram felt pain”. |
| Maya Similarly, Sana ko khushi hui which means “Sana felt happy”. |
| Udita: An important thing to note is that Pronouns + ko have the following alternative forms. For example, vah + ko = usko/use, yah + ko = isko/ise |
| Maya: Similarly, in + ko = inko/inhẽ and un + ko = unko/unhẽ |
Outro |
|---|
| Maya: Well, that's all for this lesson. Be sure to read the lesson notes for more examples! |
| Udita: Listeners, can you say “I gave mom a birthday present” in Hindi? If you can, please leave us a comment saying it at HindiPod101.com. |
| Maya: Thank you for listening. Until next time! |
| Udita: "Shukriyaa aur fir milenge!" |
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