INTRODUCTION |
Maya: Namaste, I'm Maya. Welcome back to HindiPod101.com. This is Lower Beginner, Season 1, Lesson 23 - Giving Gifts in India. |
Udita: Namaste, मैं हूं उदिता। (main Udita hoon). I'm Udita. In this lesson, you'll learn how to use the postposition ko in Hindi. |
Maya: The conversation takes place at the office |
Udita It’s between Kate and Arti |
Maya: They are friends, so they’ll be using informal Hindi. |
Udita: Let's listen to the conversation. |
DIALOGUE |
आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
Maya: Let’s hear the conversation one time slowly. |
आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
Maya: Now let's hear it with the English translation. |
आरती: मैने आज अमित को उपहार दिया (aarTii: maine aaj amiT ko uphaar Diyaa) |
arti: I gave a gift to Amit today. |
केट: क्या दिया? (kaet: kyaa Diyaa?) |
Kate: What did you give him? |
आरती: एक महंगी घड़ी (AarTii: ek mahangii GHadii) |
Arti: An expensive watch. |
केट: वह आज बहुत खुश होगा! (kaet: vah aaj bahuT KhuSH hoga!) |
Kate: He must be very happy today! |
POST CONVERSATION BANTER |
Maya: Udita, tell us more about gift giving in India. |
Udita: Okay! Well, giving gifts is a very old custom in India. If you are invited to the home of an Indian friend, it would be a good idea to take the host a small gift of sweets, chocolates or fruit. |
Maya: But keep in mind that alcohol might not make a good gift, as not all Indian people drink. |
Udita: Since Indians consider the colors black and white inauspicious, the gift wrapping should ideally be a bright color like red, yellow or green. |
Maya: That’s a good tip! Also, avoid giving gifts made out of leather to Hindus. Similarly, avoid giving gifts made of pigskin to Muslims. |
Udita: Ah yes, that is good to know too. |
Maya: And if you’re giving money, keep in mind that people prefer to give 101 as opposed to 100 and 1100 vs 1000, for auspicious reasons. |
Maya: So keep these things in mind when you’re buying a gift for your Indian friends! Okay, now onto the vocab. |
VOCAB LIST |
Maya: Let’s take a look at the vocabulary for this lesson. |
The first word we shall see is... |
Udita: आज (aaj) [natural native speed] |
Maya: today |
Udita: आज (aaj) [slowly - broken down by syllable] आज (aaj) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: उपहार (uphaar) [natural native speed] |
Maya: gift/present |
Udita: उपहार (uphaar) [slowly - broken down by syllable] उपहार (uphaar) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: दिया (Diyaa) [natural native speed] |
Maya: gave |
Udita: दिया (Diyaa) [slowly - broken down by syllable] दिया (Diyaa) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: महंगी (mahangii) [natural native speed] |
Maya: expensive |
Udita: महंगी (mahangii) [slowly - broken down by syllable] महंगी (mahangii) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: घड़ी (ghadii) [natural native speed] |
Maya: watch |
Udita: घड़ी (ghadii) [slowly - broken down by syllable] घड़ी (ghadii) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: खुश (khush) [natural native speed] |
Maya: happy |
Udita: खुश (khush) [slowly - broken down by syllable] खुश (khush) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [natural native speed] |
Maya: university |
Udita: विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [slowly - broken down by syllable] विश्वविद्यालय (vishvaviDyalaya) [natural native speed] |
Maya: Next |
Udita: पढ़ (padh) [natural native speed] |
Maya: study |
Udita: पढ़ (padh) [slowly - broken down by syllable] पढ़ (padh) [natural native speed] |
KEY VOCAB AND PHRASES |
Maya: Let's have a closer look at the usage for some of the words and phrases from this lesson. |
Udita: First we have उपहार meaning “gift”. Another very common word used is तोहफा. |
Maya: yes, and speaking of gifts, what’s the next word? |
Udita: महंगा , which is an adjective that means “expensive”. Adjectives in Hindi always have to agree with the noun they describe. In this case, we are referring to a watch, so mahanga becomes mahangii. |
Maya: So it becomes महंगी घड़ी |
Udita: Similarly, if you use महंगा with a masculine noun, it stays the same. For example, “house” in Hindi is a masculine noun. So it becomes महंगा घर. |
Maya: Another common word used for “expensive” is कीमती . It is one of the non-inflecting adjectives. These adjectives never change when they are used, so they are a lot easier than Inflecting Adjectives. |
Udita: Another example of a non-inflecting adjective is सुन्दर which means “beautiful”. |
Maya: Ok. What’s next? |
Udita: खुश means “happy” and ख़ुशी means “happiness”. The opposite of khush is dukhi. So to say “I am happy”, we’d say मैं खुश हूँ |
Maya: But to say “I am sad”, we’d say मैं दुखी हूँ |
Udita To show extreme happiness or distress, we can add the prefix bahut to these adjectives. So, we could say main bahut khush hoon, which means “I am very happy”. |
Maya: Okay, now let’s move onto the grammar! |
GRAMMAR POINT |
Maya: In this lesson, you’ll learn the usage of the postposition ko in Hindi. |
Udita: The postposition ko is used in different types of sentences and is placed after nouns. |
Maya: In this lesson, we will focus on the 4 main situations where ko can be used. |
Udita: It’s optional when used with object nouns that are followed by verbs. |
Maya: For example, ghar saaf karo, which means “clean the house”. We could optionally say ghar ko saaf karo. |
Udita: kitaab yahan rakho which means “keep the book here”. We could optionally say kitaab ko yahaan rakho. |
Maya: Another very simple usage of ko is “to” when giving something to someone, just like we use it in English! |
Udita The postposition ko is used in the [secondary object + ko + main object + verb] constructions. |
Maya: For example, mai mohan ko kitaab dunga which means “I will give Mohan a book.” |
Udita: We said mohan ko to mean “to Mohan”. Similarly mai radha ko gulaab dunga which means “I will give a rose to Radha”. |
Maya: In situations where the verbs express a state of mind, involuntarily actions, physical experience, feelings and emotions, the structure becomes subject + ko + complement + verb. |
Udita: For example, Ram ko dard hua which means “Ram felt pain”. |
Maya Similarly, Sana ko khushi hui which means “Sana felt happy”. |
Udita: An important thing to note is that Pronouns + ko have the following alternative forms. For example, vah + ko = usko/use, yah + ko = isko/ise |
Maya: Similarly, in + ko = inko/inhẽ and un + ko = unko/unhẽ |
Outro
|
Maya: Well, that's all for this lesson. Be sure to read the lesson notes for more examples! |
Udita: Listeners, can you say “I gave mom a birthday present” in Hindi? If you can, please leave us a comment saying it at HindiPod101.com. |
Maya: Thank you for listening. Until next time! |
Udita: "Shukriyaa aur fir milenge!" |
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